Central Information Commission

Introduction to Central Information Commission

Overview of the Central Information Commission

Establishment and Legal Framework

The Central Information Commission (CIC) was established under the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005. This Act was a pivotal piece of legislation aimed at promoting transparency and accountability in public administration by empowering citizens to request information from public authorities. The CIC serves as the apex appellate authority for RTI-related matters, ensuring that the rights of citizens to access information are upheld.

Right to Information Act, 2005

The RTI Act, enacted on June 15, 2005, and fully operational from October 12, 2005, mandates timely response to citizen requests for government information. It applies to all public authorities, which are required to maintain transparency in their operations. The CIC is a statutory body established under this Act to adjudicate appeals and complaints.

Role in Promoting Transparency and Accountability

The primary role of the CIC is to enhance transparency and accountability in public administration. By providing a platform for citizens to appeal when they are denied information by public authorities, the CIC ensures that government actions are open to scrutiny. This level of transparency is crucial in building trust between citizens and the government.

Public Administration

Public administration refers to the implementation of government policy and the management of public programs. The CIC plays a vital role in ensuring that these operations are conducted transparently, allowing citizens to make informed decisions and hold public officials accountable.

Statutory Body and Appellate Authority

As a statutory body, the CIC was created by an act of Parliament and has specific powers and duties defined by the RTI Act. It functions as an appellate authority for citizens who are unsatisfied with the response received from public authorities. This appellate function is critical in maintaining the efficacy of the RTI mechanism.

Information Requests

Citizens can file information requests to seek clarity on government functioning, obtain copies of official documents, and understand the rationale behind administrative decisions. When such requests are denied or inadequately addressed, the CIC acts as the final appellate body.

Location and Structure

The Central Information Commission is headquartered in New Delhi, the capital city of India. The location in New Delhi positions the CIC at the heart of the Indian government, allowing it to effectively coordinate with various public authorities across the country.

New Delhi

New Delhi, as the seat of the Indian government, houses numerous ministries and public offices. The strategic placement of the CIC here facilitates efficient communication and administrative functioning.

Impact on Citizens

The establishment of the CIC has significantly empowered citizens by providing them with a tool to demand accountability and transparency. By ensuring compliance with the RTI Act, the CIC has paved the way for a more informed citizenry capable of participating actively in the democratic process.

Transparency and Accountability

The CIC's role in promoting transparency and accountability cannot be overstated. By upholding the RTI Act, the Commission ensures that public authorities operate in a manner that is open and answerable to the public, thereby fostering a culture of good governance. In summary, the Central Information Commission plays a crucial role in the Indian democratic framework by acting as a guardian of citizens' right to information. It ensures that public authorities are transparent in their operations, thereby strengthening the foundation of accountability in public administration.

Composition of the Central Information Commission

The Central Information Commission (CIC) plays a pivotal role in India's governance framework by facilitating the implementation of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005. The composition of the CIC is integral to its functioning and effectiveness in promoting transparency and accountability within public administration. This chapter delves into the structure of the CIC, detailing the roles and responsibilities of its members, the appointment process, and the eligibility criteria, ensuring a comprehensive understanding for aspirants of competitive exams.

Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioners

Roles and Responsibilities

The CIC is headed by the Chief Information Commissioner, who is supported by Information Commissioners. Together, they form the apex body responsible for the adjudication of appeals and complaints related to the RTI Act. The Chief Information Commissioner holds the highest authority within the commission, overseeing its operations and ensuring compliance with the statutory provisions. Information Commissioners assist in handling the substantial volume of cases, contributing to the effective dissemination of information.

Appointment Process

The appointment of the Chief Information Commissioner and the Information Commissioners is a formal process involving key positions within the Indian government. Appointments are made by the President of India based on the recommendations of a selection committee. This committee includes the Prime Minister, who acts as the Chairperson, the Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister. This high-level involvement underscores the importance of the CIC in maintaining transparency in public administration.

Eligibility Criteria

The eligibility criteria for appointing members to the CIC emphasize their standing in public life and expertise in relevant fields. Candidates for the positions of Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioners are expected to have a distinguished record in areas such as law, science and technology, social service, management, journalism, mass media, administration, or governance. This broad criterion ensures that the commission is staffed by individuals with diverse perspectives and expertise, enhancing its capability to address complex information-related issues.

Members and Structure

Composition

The CIC comprises the Chief Information Commissioner and up to 10 Information Commissioners. This structure is designed to manage the extensive workload associated with processing RTI appeals and complaints from across the country. The presence of multiple commissioners allows for specialization in different sectors, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the commission’s operations.

Notable Members

Over the years, the CIC has had several notable members who have contributed significantly to its development and functioning. Wajahat Habibullah, the first Chief Information Commissioner, played a crucial role in establishing the commission's foundational processes. More recently, Heeralal Samariya has been recognized for his contributions to enhancing the commission's responsiveness and efficiency.

Public Life and Governance

The emphasis on appointing individuals with a background in public life ensures that the CIC is sensitive to the nuances of governance and public administration. This background enables commissioners to navigate the complexities of information disclosure, balancing the need for transparency with considerations of national security and privacy.

Key People, Places, and Events

Presidents and Appointments

The involvement of the President of India in appointing members of the CIC underscores the commission's significance. The President's role ensures that appointments are made with due diligence and in alignment with the broader objectives of the RTI Act.

Prime Ministers and Leaders of Opposition

The participation of the Prime Minister and the Leader of Opposition in the selection process reflects a bipartisan approach to appointments, aiming to establish a commission that operates impartially and effectively serves the interests of the public.

Union Cabinet Ministers

The inclusion of a Union Cabinet Minister in the selection committee helps align the commission's operations with the current government's policy priorities, ensuring that the CIC is responsive to contemporary governance challenges. As the seat of the Indian government, New Delhi is home to the headquarters of the CIC. This strategic location facilitates coordination with various ministries and public authorities, enhancing the commission's ability to uphold the principles of the RTI Act. In conclusion, understanding the composition of the Central Information Commission is crucial for comprehending its role in promoting transparency and accountability in India. The involvement of prominent government figures in the appointment process and the emphasis on selecting individuals with substantial public life experience highlight the commission's importance in the Indian democratic framework.

Tenure and Service Conditions

The tenure and service conditions of the Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioners are pivotal to understanding the operational framework of the Central Information Commission (CIC). These conditions ensure that the commissioners can execute their duties impartially and effectively, maintaining the integrity of the Right to Information (RTI) mechanism in India. This section delves into the specifics of their terms of office, salary, conditions for removal, and other related aspects.

Terms of Office

The Chief Information Commissioner and the Information Commissioners are appointed for a tenure of up to five years. However, their term can conclude earlier if they reach the age of 65 years. This dual condition ensures that the commissioners have a significant period to contribute to the functioning of the CIC while also maintaining a system of regular turnover to bring in fresh perspectives.

Example

For instance, if a commissioner is appointed at the age of 62, they would only serve a three-year term, as they would reach the age limit of 65 before completing the full five-year term. This clause is crucial in preventing any prolonged occupancy of the position, which could potentially lead to stagnation or lack of innovation in the commission's functioning.

Salary

The salary and allowances of the Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioners are equivalent to those of the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners, respectively. This parity underscores the importance of their roles in the democratic framework of India, providing them with financial independence and security to carry out their duties without undue influence.

Financial Independence

This financial parity ensures that the commissioners are on par with other high-ranking officials in terms of remuneration, recognizing their critical contribution to upholding transparency and accountability in public administration.

Conditions for Removal

The removal of the Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioners is governed by strict conditions to ensure their autonomy and independence. They can only be removed by the President of India based on the grounds specified in the RTI Act. These grounds include proven misbehavior or incapacity, which must be substantiated by an inquiry conducted by the Supreme Court of India.

Supreme Court's Role

The involvement of the Supreme Court in the removal process highlights the high threshold for removing a commissioner, thus safeguarding their independence. This legal safeguard ensures that the commissioners can perform their duties without fear of arbitrary dismissal.

Historical Reference

In the history of the CIC, there have been no instances of removal of commissioners through this process, which exemplifies the robustness of the safeguards in place and the credibility of the individuals appointed to these positions.

People, Places, and Events

Presidents and Their Role

The President of India plays a crucial role in the appointment and removal of the Chief Information Commissioner and Information Commissioners. This involvement ensures that the highest constitutional authority in India is responsible for these critical decisions, thereby maintaining the sanctity and importance of the CIC. The Central Information Commission is headquartered in New Delhi, the capital of India. This strategic location facilitates effective coordination with various government ministries and departments, reinforcing the commission's capability to handle the diverse and extensive range of information requests and appeals.

Key Dates and Amendments

While the RTI Act of 2005 initially established the service conditions, amendments over the years have fine-tuned these provisions to enhance the effectiveness and independence of the commission. Key milestones include the 2019 amendment, which empowered the central government to determine the terms of service, including the tenure and salaries, for the commissioners. This amendment sparked significant debate regarding the potential implications for the autonomy of the CIC.

Events and Discussions

The 2019 amendment led to discussions in the public domain and among civil society groups about the balance between administrative control and the independence of the commission. These discussions highlight the ongoing evolution of the RTI framework in India and the need to constantly evaluate and adapt the service conditions to meet contemporary challenges.

Powers and Functions of the Central Information Commission

The Central Information Commission (CIC) plays an instrumental role in ensuring the effective implementation of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005. It is vested with substantial powers and responsibilities to manage and resolve issues related to information access. This chapter delves into the various powers and functions of the CIC, highlighting its authority in handling complaints and appeals, ensuring compliance with the RTI Act, and its ability to act as a civil court in certain situations.

Handling Complaints and Appeals

Role in Addressing Complaints

The CIC is empowered to receive and inquire into complaints from individuals who have been unable to submit a request for information due to various reasons, such as the absence of a Public Information Officer (PIO) or refusal of information. The Commission's role in handling complaints ensures that any obstruction in accessing information is addressed promptly, maintaining the integrity of the RTI Act. Example: If a citizen's request for information is unjustly rejected by a public authority, they can file a complaint with the CIC, which will investigate and adjudicate the matter.

Appeals Process

The CIC serves as the final appellate authority in the RTI framework. Individuals who are not satisfied with the response received from the PIO or the First Appellate Authority (FAA) can appeal to the CIC. This appellate function is crucial in providing citizens with a platform to seek redressal and ensure their right to information is upheld. Example: In 2010, the CIC intervened in a case where a public authority repeatedly denied information related to environmental clearances. The appeal to the CIC resulted in the disclosure of the requested information, demonstrating the Commission's role in enforcing transparency.

Ensuring Compliance with the Right to Information Act

Monitoring Public Authorities

The CIC monitors and ensures that public authorities comply with the provisions of the RTI Act. It has the power to impose penalties on PIOs who fail to provide information within the stipulated time or engage in malpractices that hinder information access. Example: In 2015, the CIC imposed a fine on a PIO for delaying the release of information related to a government housing project. This action reinforced the importance of timely responses to RTI requests.

Role as a Civil Court

The CIC has the authority to exercise the powers of a civil court while dealing with complaints and appeals. This includes summoning and enforcing the attendance of persons, compelling them to provide evidence under oath, and requiring the discovery and inspection of documents. These powers are essential for the CIC to effectively investigate and resolve disputes related to information access. Example: In a landmark decision, the CIC summoned top officials of a public authority to explain the non-disclosure of financial records, thereby exercising its civil court powers to ensure accountability.

Information Access and Public Service

The CIC's primary function is to facilitate access to information held by public authorities, thereby promoting transparency and accountability in public service. By adjudicating appeals and handling complaints, the CIC ensures that citizens can obtain the information necessary to make informed decisions and participate actively in democratic processes. Example: The CIC's intervention in cases related to public health data has enabled citizens to access crucial information, empowering them to hold public health authorities accountable for their actions and policies.

Notable Figures

The CIC has been led by various notable figures who have contributed to its effectiveness in enforcing the RTI Act. Individuals like Wajahat Habibullah, the first Chief Information Commissioner, established foundational practices that continue to guide the Commission's operations.

Significant Locations

Headquartered in New Delhi, the CIC operates at the heart of India's administrative machinery. This strategic location allows the Commission to coordinate effectively with various public authorities and ensures its accessibility to citizens across the nation.

Important Events and Dates

Since its establishment in 2005, the CIC has handled numerous landmark cases that have shaped the RTI landscape in India. One such case in 2009 involved the disclosure of MPs' expenses, setting a precedent for transparency in the functioning of public authorities.

Compliance and Public Authorities

Public authorities are required to maintain records and provide information proactively to citizens. The CIC's role in ensuring compliance involves regular monitoring and addressing any discrepancies in the dissemination of information. Example: The CIC's directive for proactive disclosure of environmental impact assessments by public authorities has significantly enhanced public access to critical environmental information.

Civil Society and Citizen Empowerment

The CIC's functions have empowered civil society by ensuring that citizens can access information necessary for informed participation in governance. By upholding the RTI Act, the Commission plays a pivotal role in fostering a culture of transparency and accountability. Example: Civil society groups have utilized information obtained through CIC interventions to advocate for policy changes in areas such as education and public health, demonstrating the Commission's impact on citizen empowerment.

Significance of the Central Information Commission

The Central Information Commission (CIC) is a pivotal institution in India's democratic framework, significantly contributing to the promotion of participatory democracy, the reduction of corruption, and setting legal precedents for interpreting the Right to Information (RTI) Act. This chapter delves into the numerous ways the CIC impacts governance and public administration in India, highlighting its importance in fostering transparency, accountability, and citizen empowerment.

Promoting Participatory Democracy

Participatory democracy is a cornerstone of the Indian democratic system, enabling citizens to actively engage in governance processes. The CIC plays a crucial role in facilitating this engagement by ensuring that citizens have access to information held by public authorities. By enforcing the provisions of the RTI Act, the CIC ensures that public authorities operate transparently, allowing citizens to scrutinize government actions. This transparency is essential for participatory democracy, as it enables informed decision-making and empowers citizens to hold public officials accountable. Example: In 2009, the CIC mandated the disclosure of information related to the allocation of public funds in rural development projects. This decision empowered local communities to oversee the implementation of these projects, ensuring that resources were utilized effectively.

Citizen Empowerment

Access to information is a powerful tool for citizen empowerment. The CIC's interventions have enabled individuals and communities to demand accountability and participate more actively in governance. Example: Through the CIC's directives, citizens have accessed information on urban planning and zoning regulations, allowing them to engage in public consultations and influence policy decisions affecting their neighborhoods.

Reducing Corruption

Corruption poses a significant challenge to effective governance. By facilitating access to information, the CIC plays a vital role in reducing corruption within public administration.

Precedents in Anti-Corruption

The CIC has set important precedents in interpreting the RTI Act to combat corruption. By ordering the disclosure of information related to government contracts, procurement processes, and public expenditures, the CIC has deterred corrupt practices. Example: In a landmark decision, the CIC ordered the release of information concerning the procurement of medical supplies, uncovering discrepancies and ensuring corrective measures were taken to prevent future irregularities.

Ensuring Compliance

The CIC monitors and ensures that public authorities comply with the RTI Act, thereby reducing opportunities for corruption. By penalizing non-compliance and malpractices, the CIC reinforces the importance of transparency in curbing corrupt activities. Example: The imposition of fines on Public Information Officers (PIOs) for unjustifiably denying information requests has served as a deterrent against corruption, encouraging public officials to adhere to transparency norms.

Setting Legal Precedents

The CIC's decisions have had a profound impact on the interpretation and implementation of the RTI Act, setting legal precedents that guide public authorities and judicial bodies.

Interpretation of the Right to Information Act

The CIC's rulings have clarified various aspects of the RTI Act, including the definition of public authorities, the scope of information disclosure, and the exemptions under the Act. These interpretations have provided a clear framework for implementing the RTI Act. Example: In a significant ruling, the CIC defined political parties as public authorities under the RTI Act, mandating them to disclose financial information. Although later overturned, this decision sparked nationwide debate on transparency in political funding.

Influence on Civil Society

Civil society organizations have leveraged the CIC's precedents to advocate for greater transparency and accountability in governance. The CIC's decisions have empowered these groups to campaign for policy changes and institutional reforms. Example: Following the CIC's directive for the disclosure of environmental impact assessments, environmental NGOs have successfully campaigned for stricter regulations on industrial projects, protecting ecological interests.

Important People, Places, and Events

  • Wajahat Habibullah: As the first Chief Information Commissioner, Habibullah laid the foundation for the CIC's operations, emphasizing the importance of transparency and participatory governance.
  • Heeralal Samariya: Known for enhancing the commission's responsiveness, Samariya's tenure witnessed significant improvements in the adjudication of RTI appeals. The CIC's headquarters in New Delhi positions it at the heart of India's administrative framework. This strategic location facilitates coordination with various public authorities, ensuring the effective enforcement of the RTI Act.

Landmark Decisions

  • 2009 MPs' Expenses Case: The CIC's ruling on the disclosure of MPs' expenses set a precedent for transparency in the functioning of elected representatives, fostering accountability in legislative processes.
  • 2010 Environmental Clearances: The CIC's intervention in mandating the disclosure of environmental clearances highlighted its role in promoting transparency in environmental governance. The CIC's activities have significantly empowered civil society, enabling citizens to access crucial information and participate actively in governance processes. Example: Citizen groups have utilized information obtained through the CIC to challenge local government decisions, ensuring that development projects align with community interests and environmental conservation.

Issues Associated with the Central Information Commission

The Central Information Commission (CIC) plays a crucial role in upholding transparency and accountability within public administration, as mandated by the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005. However, despite its importance, the CIC faces several challenges that hinder its effectiveness. These issues include backlogs of cases, delays in appeals, staff shortages, and defects in the selection process. This chapter delves into these challenges, examining their impact on the CIC's functionality and overall transparency in governance.

Backlogs and Delays

Case Backlogs

One of the most significant challenges facing the CIC is the backlog of cases. The increasing number of appeals and complaints has resulted in a substantial accumulation of unresolved cases. This backlog undermines the CIC's ability to provide timely justice and diminishes the efficacy of the RTI mechanism. Example: In 2021, reports indicated that the CIC had a backlog of over 35,000 cases, leading to delays in decision-making and adversely affecting citizens' access to information.

Delays in Appeals

The delays in processing appeals are a direct consequence of the case backlog. These delays can extend over several months, frustrating citizens who rely on timely information to address grievances or participate in governance. Example: A notable case involved a citizen waiting over a year for the CIC to adjudicate an appeal regarding land acquisition records. The delay impeded the individual's ability to contest the government's actions effectively.

Staff Shortages

Insufficient Personnel

The CIC's effectiveness is further compromised by chronic staff shortages. A lack of adequate personnel, including Information Commissioners and support staff, exacerbates the backlog issue and hampers the commission's ability to function efficiently. Example: In 2019, the CIC operated with only four Information Commissioners instead of the sanctioned strength of eleven, resulting in increased workloads and further delays in case handling.

Impact on Transparency and Accountability

Staff shortages impede the CIC's capacity to maintain transparency and accountability within public administration. The scarcity of personnel affects the commission's responsiveness and its ability to uphold the principles of the RTI Act. Example: Due to staff shortages, several critical cases related to public health and environmental policies were delayed, reducing the impact of citizen oversight on these vital issues.

Defects in the Selection Process

Challenges in Appointing Commissioners

The selection process for appointing Information Commissioners has been criticized for its lack of transparency and delays. These defects hinder the timely filling of vacancies, affecting the commission's overall functionality. Example: In 2018, the delay in appointing a new Chief Information Commissioner led to a leadership vacuum, further exacerbating the backlog and operational challenges faced by the CIC.

Impact on Public Administration

Defects in the selection process have broader implications for public administration. The delays in appointments and the lack of transparency can erode public trust in the CIC's ability to impartially adjudicate RTI appeals and complaints. Example: The prolonged vacancy in key positions within the CIC sparked public outcry and legal challenges, highlighting the need for a more streamlined and transparent selection process.

  • Wajahat Habibullah: As the first Chief Information Commissioner, he faced initial challenges in establishing the CIC's processes and dealing with early backlogs, setting a precedent for future leadership.
  • Heeralal Samariya: His tenure highlighted the need for reforms in addressing staff shortages and improving the selection process for commissioners.
  • New Delhi: The headquarters of the CIC, located in New Delhi, is central to its operations. However, the strategic location has not shielded the commission from issues such as backlogs and delays.
  • 2019 Amendment: The amendment to the RTI Act that allowed the central government to determine the tenure and salary of Information Commissioners was a significant event that sparked debates about the autonomy and efficiency of the CIC.
  • Public Interest Litigations: Various PILs filed in the Supreme Court have sought to address the delays and inefficiencies in the CIC, emphasizing the need for structural reforms.

Important People, Places, and Events Related to the Central Information Commission

The Central Information Commission (CIC) has played a pivotal role in promoting transparency and accountability in public administration since its inception. This chapter delves into the important people, places, and events that have shaped the CIC's journey, highlighting key figures, strategic locations, and landmark decisions that have defined its operational framework.

Wajahat Habibullah

Wajahat Habibullah was the first Chief Information Commissioner of the CIC, serving from 2005 to 2010. His tenure was instrumental in laying the groundwork for the Commission's functioning and establishing its credibility. Habibullah brought extensive experience from his civil service background, which helped in crafting the initial processes and guidelines for the CIC. He was involved in several landmark decisions that set precedents for interpreting the Right to Information (RTI) Act.

  • Example: Under Habibullah's leadership, the CIC became a critical platform for addressing issues related to public disclosure and transparency, ensuring that the RTI Act was effectively implemented across various public authorities.

Heeralal Samariya

Heeralal Samariya is another significant figure in the history of the CIC. His contributions have been crucial in enhancing the responsiveness and efficiency of the Commission. As an Information Commissioner, Samariya played a vital role in addressing the backlog of cases and ensuring that the appeals process was streamlined.

  • Example: Samariya was known for his proactive approach in dealing with complex cases involving public health and environmental data, ensuring that the CIC's directives were implemented promptly by public authorities.

Strategic Locations

The headquarters of the Central Information Commission is located in New Delhi, the capital of India. This strategic placement is significant for several reasons:

  • Central Governance Hub: New Delhi houses numerous government ministries and public offices, facilitating effective coordination and communication between the CIC and other public authorities.
  • Accessibility: Being in the capital makes the CIC accessible to a broader range of citizens and stakeholders who wish to engage with its processes.
  • Symbolism: The location underscores the importance of the CIC as a central body in India's democratic governance framework, emphasizing its role in upholding transparency and accountability.

Landmark Decisions and Events

The CIC has been involved in several landmark decisions that have had a profound impact on public administration and governance in India. These decisions have set important precedents in interpreting the RTI Act and ensuring transparency.

  • MPs' Expenses Disclosure (2009): One of the most notable decisions was regarding the disclosure of Members of Parliament's expenses, which set a benchmark for transparency in legislative processes. This decision was instrumental in promoting accountability among elected representatives.

  • Environmental Clearances (2010): The CIC's intervention in mandating the disclosure of environmental clearances was a significant event that highlighted the importance of transparency in environmental governance. This decision ensured that citizens had access to crucial information about industrial projects and their environmental impacts.

Key Events and Dates

  • Establishment of the CIC (2005): The CIC was established under the RTI Act, 2005, marking a significant milestone in India's journey towards transparent governance. The Act empowered citizens to request information from public authorities, and the CIC was instituted as the apex appellate authority to oversee this process.
  • 2019 RTI Amendment: A notable event in the history of the CIC was the 2019 amendment to the RTI Act, which allowed the central government to determine the tenure and salary of Information Commissioners. This amendment sparked debates about the CIC's autonomy and its ability to function independently.

Supreme Court and Public Administration

The Supreme Court of India has played a crucial role in shaping the CIC's functioning through various judgments and public interest litigations. These interventions have addressed the challenges faced by the CIC, such as delays in case handling and the need for a transparent selection process for Commissioners.

  • Example: Public interest litigations filed in the Supreme Court have sought to address inefficiencies in the CIC, emphasizing the need for structural reforms to enhance its effectiveness in upholding the principles of the RTI Act.
  • Appointments and Challenges: The process of appointing Information Commissioners has often been scrutinized for its lack of transparency. Delays in appointments have sometimes led to operational challenges within the CIC, affecting its ability to promptly address appeals and complaints.

Public Administration and Accountability

The CIC's role in public administration extends beyond adjudicating RTI appeals; it influences broader governance practices by setting standards for transparency and accountability. The Commission's decisions often have ripple effects, prompting public authorities to adopt more open and transparent practices.

  • Example: The CIC's directives for proactive disclosure of information by public authorities have encouraged a culture of openness, empowering citizens to participate more actively in governance processes and hold officials accountable for their actions.