Introduction to Indian Classical Dance

Overview of Indian Classical Dance

Indian classical dance is a significant component of India's rich cultural heritage. It is a form of storytelling that dates back millennia, embodying the essence of grace, expression, and symbolism. These dance forms are deeply intertwined with mythology and regional traditions, making them an integral part of India's cultural tapestry.

Origins and Evolution

The origins of Indian classical dance can be traced back to the ancient text known as the Natya Shastra, attributed to the sage Bharat Muni. This comprehensive treatise, written between 200 BCE and 200 CE, lays the foundation for the techniques, gestures, and expressions used in Indian classical dance. The Natya Shastra is considered the fifth Veda, emphasizing the divine nature of performing arts.

Distinction Between Classical and Folk Dances

While both classical and folk dances are pivotal to Indian culture, they differ significantly in style and purpose. Classical dances are characterized by strict adherence to the rules and guidelines defined in texts like the Natya Shastra. They often depict stories from Indian epics and Puranas, incorporating elements of spirituality and devotion. In contrast, folk dances are more regional and spontaneous, reflecting the local culture, traditions, and day-to-day life of the people.

Storytelling Through Dance

Storytelling is a central theme in Indian classical dance. Each gesture, expression, and movement, known as mudras and abhinaya, is meticulously crafted to convey a narrative. Dancers use these elements to portray stories from Hindu mythology, such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata, bringing characters like Rama, Krishna, Sita, and Draupadi to life.

Cultural Heritage and Significance

Indian classical dance is not merely an art form; it is a powerful medium of cultural expression. It embodies the philosophical, spiritual, and moral values of Indian society. Dance performances often take place during religious festivals and ceremonies, serving as a bridge between the divine and the human.

Expression and Grace

Grace and expression are hallmarks of Indian classical dance. Dancers undergo rigorous training to perfect their movements and facial expressions, known as bhava. The fluidity and elegance of these dances captivate audiences, allowing them to experience a range of emotions or rasas, such as love, valor, and compassion.

Symbolism and Mythology

Symbolism plays a crucial role in Indian classical dance. Each gesture and costume is imbued with deep meaning, often reflecting mythological themes. For instance, the peacock feather used in Bharatanatyam symbolizes Lord Krishna, while the lotus flower represents purity and divinity.

Regional Styles and Traditions

Indian classical dance encompasses a variety of regional styles, each with its unique characteristics and traditions. For example, Bharatanatyam from Tamil Nadu is known for its fixed upper torso and intricate footwork, while Kathakali from Kerala is famous for its elaborate costumes and makeup. These regional variations add to the diversity and richness of Indian dance forms.

People, Places, and Events

• Bharat Muni: The sage credited with composing the Natya Shastra, laying the foundation for Indian classical dance.
• Tamil Nadu: The birthplace of Bharatanatyam, known for its temple dance traditions.
• Kerala: The home of Kathakali and Mohiniyattam, known for their theatrical and graceful performances.
• Natya Shastra: The ancient treatise on performing arts, regarded as the authoritative text on Indian classical dance. Indian classical dance continues to thrive, preserving the cultural heritage and spiritual values of India. It is a testament to the creativity and devotion of countless artists who have passed down these traditions through generations.

Bharatanatyam

Historical Background

Bharatanatyam, one of the oldest and most revered Indian classical dance forms, traces its origins to the state of Tamil Nadu. This dance form is steeped in religious and spiritual themes and has evolved through centuries, deeply intertwined with the cultural fabric of Tamil Nadu.

Temple Dance Tradition

Bharatanatyam was traditionally performed in the sacred precincts of Hindu temples as part of the temple dance tradition. These performances were integral to religious rituals and ceremonies, where dancers, known as devadasis, dedicated their lives to the service of the temple deities. The dance form played a crucial role in expressing devotion and spirituality through its intricate movements and expressions.

Religious Influences

Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Shaktism

Bharatanatyam is deeply influenced by various Hindu religious traditions, including Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Shaktism. The dance often depicts stories and themes from Hindu mythology, celebrating the divine aspects of gods and goddesses such as Shiva, Vishnu, and Devi. For instance, dances portraying the cosmic dance of Lord Shiva, known as Tandava, are a testament to the Shaiva influence.

Abhinaya Darpana

The Abhinaya Darpana is a crucial text that has guided the art of Bharatanatyam. Authored by the sage Nandikesvara, this treatise elaborates on the various aspects of dance, including the techniques of abhinaya (expression) and mudras (hand gestures), which are essential to the storytelling aspect of Bharatanatyam.

Evolution and Revival

Sadhir Attam

Originally known as Sadhir Attam, Bharatanatyam underwent significant transformation during the colonial period in India. The dance form was marginalized due to changing societal attitudes, but it was later revived and redefined in the 20th century.

Key Figures in Revival

• Rukmini Devi Arundale: A pivotal figure in the revival of Bharatanatyam, she restructured the dance form, distancing it from its devadasi roots and presenting it as a respectable art form. She also established the Kalakshetra Foundation in Chennai, which became a center for the study and promotion of Bharatanatyam.
• E. Krishna Iyer: Another crucial personality in the revival movement, Iyer was instrumental in advocating for the recognition and respect of Bharatanatyam as a classical dance form.

Techniques and Elements

Mudras and Abhinaya

Bharatanatyam is characterized by its use of mudras and abhinaya to convey stories and emotions. Mudras are symbolic hand gestures that depict various meanings, while abhinaya involves facial expressions and body movements to express emotions and narratives.

Nritta and Nritya

The dance form is divided into two main components: Nritta and Nritya. Nritta refers to pure dance movements without any interpretative aspect, focusing on rhythm and form. Nritya, on the other hand, combines dance with expressive elements, telling stories through gestures and expressions.

Tamil Nadu

As the birthplace of Bharatanatyam, Tamil Nadu remains a vibrant hub for this classical dance form. The state's rich cultural heritage and temple architecture have provided a nurturing environment for the development and sustenance of Bharatanatyam.

Important Events

• The Madras Music Academy, established in the early 20th century, played a significant role in promoting Bharatanatyam and other classical dance forms. It provided a platform for dancers to showcase their art and gain wider recognition.
• The Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's national academy for music, dance, and drama, has been instrumental in preserving and promoting Bharatanatyam through awards, scholarships, and festivals. Bharatanatyam continues to be a cherished art form, celebrated for its blend of spirituality, storytelling, and artistic expression. It remains a testament to the rich cultural and religious traditions of India, captivating audiences worldwide with its grace and depth.

Kathak

Historical Context and Origins

Kathak is one of the eight major forms of Indian classical dance, originating from the northern region of India, particularly Uttar Pradesh. The term 'Kathak' is derived from the Sanskrit word Katha, meaning 'story', and Kathakar, meaning 'the storyteller'. This dance form has its roots in the ancient tradition of storytelling, where Kathakars or storytellers would narrate epic tales from Indian mythology through expressive gestures, rhythmic footwork, and facial expressions.

Evolution During the Mughal Era

Court Dance Transformation

The evolution of Kathak received significant impetus during the Mughal era. The Mughal rulers, who had a keen interest in arts and culture, patronized Kathak, transforming it from a temple ritual to a sophisticated form of court dance. This era saw an amalgamation of Hindu and Persian artistic elements, which enriched Kathak with intricate footwork, spins, and the incorporation of elaborate rhythmic patterns.

Influence of the Bhakti Movement

The Bhakti movement, which emphasized personal devotion to deities, played a crucial role in shaping the thematic content of Kathak. Dancers incorporated devotional stories centered around Lord Krishna and Radha, focusing on themes of love, devotion, and spirituality. This influence is evident in the storytelling aspect of Kathak, where dancers convey tales from Hindu scriptures through expressive movements.

Intricate Footwork and Rhythmic Gestures

Kathak is renowned for its intricate footwork and rhythmic gestures, which are executed with precision and grace. The dancers wear bells, called ghungroos, around their ankles to accentuate the rhythmic patterns. These bells help in maintaining the rhythm and are an integral part of the performance, requiring the dancer to possess a strong sense of timing and rhythm.

Storytelling

The core of Kathak lies in its storytelling aspect. Dancers utilize a combination of hand gestures, facial expressions, and body movements to narrate stories, often depicting scenes from Indian epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana. The storytelling is not limited to religious themes but also includes secular tales, showcasing the versatility of this dance form.

Katha and Kathakar

The role of the Kathakar is pivotal in Kathak performances. Traditionally, Kathakars were not only dancers but also singers and musicians, narrating stories with a blend of dance and song. This multifaceted approach enriches the performance, creating a captivating experience for the audience.

Regional Styles and Variations

Kathak has developed distinct regional styles, primarily divided into three gharanas: Lucknow, Jaipur, and Benares. Each gharana has its unique characteristics and thematic focus:

• Lucknow Gharana: Known for its emphasis on expressive storytelling and delicate, graceful movements. The Lucknow style highlights the narrative aspect, with a strong focus on facial expressions and abhinaya (acting).
• Jaipur Gharana: Famous for its vigorous and powerful footwork, the Jaipur style prioritizes rhythm and complex footwork patterns, often presenting a more energetic and acrobatic performance.
• Benares Gharana: This style combines elements of both Lucknow and Jaipur, focusing on a balanced approach between storytelling and rhythmic elements.

Notable Personalities

• Birju Maharaj: A legendary figure in the world of Kathak, Birju Maharaj is a prominent exponent of the Lucknow gharana. His contributions have been instrumental in popularizing Kathak globally. Known for his innovative choreography and expressive storytelling, he has left an indelible mark on the dance form.
• Sitara Devi: Celebrated as the 'Empress of Kathak', Sitara Devi was renowned for her dynamic performances and contributions to the dance form. Her style was characterized by its exuberance and energy, captivating audiences worldwide.

Cultural Significance and Modern Influence

Kathak continues to be a vital part of the cultural tapestry of North India. Its performances are an integral component of various festivals and cultural events. In contemporary times, Kathak has transcended traditional boundaries, influencing modern dance forms and being incorporated into Bollywood choreography, making it a popular and accessible art form.

Uttar Pradesh

The state of Uttar Pradesh is the cultural heartland of Kathak. Cities like Lucknow, Jaipur, and Benares are pivotal centers for this dance form, each contributing to its unique stylistic developments.

• Kumbh Mela: Kathak performances are a regular feature at this massive religious gathering, showcasing the devotional aspect of the dance.
• International Dance Festivals: Kathak is featured prominently in various international dance festivals, promoting cultural exchange and appreciation for Indian classical arts. Through its rich history and dynamic evolution, Kathak remains a testament to the diversity and depth of Indian classical dance, captivating audiences with its blend of storytelling, rhythm, and grace.

Kathakali

Historical Background and Origins

Kathakali, a classical dance-drama from the southwestern Indian state of Kerala, has a rich history that dates back to the 17th century. The term Kathakali translates to "story-play," and it is renowned for its elaborate costumes, makeup, and expressive facial movements. This dance form is deeply connected to the Indian epics, primarily the Mahabharata and Ramayana, which provide the thematic basis for many Kathakali performances.

Connection to Indian Epics

Kathakali draws extensively from the vast pool of Indian mythology. The stories depicted in Kathakali performances are often episodes from the Mahabharata and Ramayana, presenting larger-than-life characters and epic battles between good and evil. For instance, the story of the demon king Ravana's abduction of Sita and her rescue by Lord Rama is a popular Kathakali theme, allowing performers to explore complex character portrayals through expressive gestures and dramatic narrative.

Elements of Kathakali

Elaborate Costumes and Makeup

One of the most striking features of Kathakali is its elaborate costumes and makeup, which transform the dancers into mythological characters. The costumes are vibrant and intricate, often weighing up to 30 kilograms, and are designed to represent the character's nature. For example, noble characters like Lord Krishna and Rama are adorned in vibrant green, while evil characters like demons are depicted with red makeup and fierce expressions. The makeup, known as Chutti, is equally elaborate and serves as a mask, enhancing the facial expressions of the performers. The process of applying makeup can take several hours and involves using natural pigments and rice paste to create bold, striking patterns on the face.

Facial Expressions and Theater

Kathakali is renowned for its dramatic use of facial expressions and theatrical elements. Performers undergo rigorous training to master the control of facial muscles, allowing them to convey a wide range of emotions and subtle nuances. This control is known as Navarasas, the nine emotions, which include love, humor, sorrow, anger, heroism, fear, disgust, surprise, and peace. The theatrical aspect of Kathakali is further enhanced by its use of music and vocal recitations. The accompanying music, performed by live musicians, sets the tone and mood for the performance, while the vocalists narrate the story, adding depth and context to the visual spectacle.

Regional Significance

God's Own Country

Kathakali is an integral part of Kerala's cultural heritage, often referred to as "God's Own Country" due to its lush landscapes and rich artistic traditions. The dance form is performed during festivals and religious events, such as the Onam festival, where it serves as a symbol of Kerala's artistic and spiritual ethos.

Important Figures

• Kottayam Thampuran: Often credited as the founder of Kathakali, he was a 17th-century ruler who played a crucial role in the development of this art form. He introduced elements from older temple arts like Koodiyattam and Krishnanattam to create Kathakali.
• Kalamandalam Gopi: A legendary Kathakali artist known for his portrayal of heroic and virtuous characters. He has significantly contributed to the popularization of Kathakali both nationally and internationally.

Key Locations

• Kerala Kalamandalam: Founded in 1930, this is a premier institution for training in classical dance forms, including Kathakali. It has produced many renowned Kathakali artists and remains a center of excellence for the preservation and promotion of this art form.

Significant Events

• Onam Festival: Celebrated with grandeur in Kerala, Onam is a harvest festival that features Kathakali performances as a key cultural highlight. These performances are often attended by large audiences, showcasing the traditional arts of Kerala.
• International Kathakali Festival: An event that brings together Kathakali artists from across the globe, promoting cultural exchange and appreciation for this unique dance-drama form. This festival highlights the global reach and influence of Kathakali, drawing enthusiasts and scholars from various countries.

Theatrical Influence

Kathakali is not just a dance but a complete theater experience. Its influence extends beyond dance into various art forms, including modern theater and dance. The intricate storytelling, expressive gestures, and dramatic visuals of Kathakali have inspired many contemporary artists to integrate its elements into their works, thus preserving its legacy and ensuring its continued relevance in the world of performing arts.

Kuchipudi

Kuchipudi, a vibrant and dynamic classical dance form, originates from the southeastern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is renowned for its dramatic narrative and the seamless combination of dance, music, and drama. The origins of Kuchipudi can be traced back to the 17th century, with strong connections to religious rituals and temple traditions. The dance form derives its name from the village of Kuchipudi in Andhra Pradesh, where it was initially developed as part of a traditional dance-drama performance style known as Yakshagana. These performances were an integral part of temple rituals and religious storytelling, designed to entertain and educate the masses about mythological tales and moral values.

Rituals and Singing

Kuchipudi is unique among Indian classical dance forms for its incorporation of singing and ritualistic elements. Traditionally, Kuchipudi performances were conducted in the open air, often as part of a religious event, with the dancers invoking the blessings of the deities through song and dance. This ritualistic aspect is reflected in the practice of sprinkling holy water around the performance area, sanctifying the space before the dance begins. The inclusion of singing is a distinctive feature of Kuchipudi. Performers often sing as they dance, creating a harmonious blend of melody and movement that enhances the storytelling aspect of the performance. This dual skill set requires extensive training, as dancers must master both the physical demands of dance and the vocal techniques required for singing.

Siddhendra Yogi and Development

The evolution of Kuchipudi as a classical dance form is closely associated with the figure of Siddhendra Yogi, a 17th-century saint and philosopher. Siddhendra Yogi is credited with formalizing the dance form and establishing the tradition of presenting Kuchipudi as a dance-drama. His seminal work, the dance-drama Bhama Kalapam, is considered a masterpiece and remains a cornerstone of Kuchipudi repertoire. Siddhendra Yogi's contributions were instrumental in shaping the structure and presentation of Kuchipudi. He emphasized the integration of dance, drama, and music, creating a cohesive performance style that continues to define the essence of Kuchipudi today.

Dance-Drama and Group Performance

Kuchipudi is characterized by its dance-drama format, where performers enact stories from Hindu mythology through a combination of dance, acting, and dialogue. Unlike many other classical dance forms that focus on solo performances, Kuchipudi often involves group performances, with multiple dancers portraying different characters in the narrative. The group dynamic allows for a rich and varied performance, with intricate choreography and synchronized movements that highlight the interaction between characters. This theatrical approach adds depth and dimension to the storytelling, engaging audiences with its vibrant and lively presentation.

Yakshagana Influence

The influence of Yakshagana, a traditional dance-drama form from Karnataka, is evident in Kuchipudi's dramatic style and narrative structure. Yakshagana's emphasis on elaborate costumes, expressive gestures, and dynamic storytelling has significantly shaped the development of Kuchipudi, contributing to its unique identity as a classical dance form.

Key Figures

• Siddhendra Yogi: A pivotal figure in the history of Kuchipudi, Siddhendra Yogi's vision and teachings were crucial in transforming the dance form into a structured and respected classical art. His legacy continues to inspire generations of Kuchipudi dancers.

Important Locations

• Kuchipudi Village: The birthplace of the dance form, Kuchipudi village in Andhra Pradesh remains a center of learning and performance for Kuchipudi artists. It is home to several institutions dedicated to preserving and promoting the art form.
• Kuchipudi Dance Festival: Celebrated annually in Andhra Pradesh, this festival attracts performers and enthusiasts from across the globe. It serves as a platform for showcasing the talent and creativity of Kuchipudi dancers, fostering cultural exchange and appreciation. Kuchipudi's rich history and dynamic presentation continue to captivate audiences worldwide, offering a window into the vibrant cultural heritage of India. Through its blend of dance, drama, and music, Kuchipudi remains a testament to the enduring legacy of Indian classical dance.

Odissi

Odissi, one of the oldest surviving Indian classical dance forms, has its roots in the eastern Indian state of Odisha. This dance form is deeply ingrained in the temple traditions of the region, having evolved over centuries as a sacred ritual performed in the precincts of temples. The dance was traditionally performed by Maharis, temple dancers dedicated to serving deities through dance.

Temple Traditions

Odissi's connection to temple traditions is profound. The dance was performed as an offering to the deities, primarily Lord Jagannath, at the Puri Jagannath Temple. These performances, known as Nritta, were an integral part of the temple rituals, and the dancers were considered as a bridge between the divine and the devotees. The temple architecture of Odisha, adorned with intricate sculptures, has significantly influenced the dance form, particularly in its postures and gestures.

Unique Postures and Gestures

Tribhanga and Chowk

Odissi is renowned for its distinctive postures, particularly the tribhanga and chowk. The tribhanga, or the three bends posture, symbolizes femininity and grace, and is characterized by the bending of the head, torso, and knee. This posture is emblematic of Odissi and is often depicted in the sculptures of Hindu goddesses and celestial dancers. The chowk posture, on the other hand, represents masculinity and stability. It is a square stance with knees bent, symbolizing Lord Jagannath and the cosmic dance of creation. The contrast between tribhanga and chowk highlights the dance's versatility and its ability to convey a spectrum of emotions and narratives.

Mudras and Devotional Themes

In Odissi, mudras or hand gestures play a crucial role in storytelling and expression. Each mudra is imbued with symbolic meaning, allowing dancers to narrate complex mythological tales and convey deep devotional themes. The dance often focuses on devotional aspects, with performances dedicated to deities like Krishna and Shiva, embodying themes of love, devotion, and spirituality.

Influence of Ancient Sculptures

The influence of ancient sculptures is evident in the precise postures and fluid movements of Odissi. The dance form draws inspiration from the carvings on the walls of temples like the Sun Temple at Konark and the Jagannath Temple at Puri. These sculptures, which depict celestial dancers and divine figures, have served as blueprints for the intricate poses and gestures that define Odissi.

Literary and Musical Inspirations

Gita Govinda and Jayadeva

The Gita Govinda, an epic poem composed by the 12th-century poet Jayadeva, is a significant literary work that has profoundly influenced Odissi. The poem, which explores the divine love between Lord Krishna and Radha, is often enacted in Odissi performances, with dancers bringing the lyrical verses to life through their expressive movements and gestures. Jayadeva's compositions, rich in devotional fervor, form the backbone of the Odissi repertoire, providing a narrative framework for many performances.

• Kelucharan Mohapatra: A legendary figure in the revival and popularization of Odissi, Kelucharan Mohapatra dedicated his life to preserving and promoting this classical dance. He was instrumental in establishing the modern format of Odissi, incorporating elements from temple rituals and traditional folk dances. His contributions have earned him accolades and recognition as a master and teacher of Odissi.
• Puri Jagannath Temple: As one of the most sacred temples in Odisha, the Puri Jagannath Temple has been a focal point for the development of Odissi. The temple's vibrant festivals and rituals have provided a rich cultural backdrop for the dance, ensuring its continuity as a living tradition.
• Sun Temple at Konark: Known for its architectural grandeur, the Sun Temple at Konark is adorned with exquisite sculptures that have inspired the postures and movements of Odissi. The temple's annual dance festival attracts artists and audiences from around the world, celebrating the legacy of Odissi and other classical dance forms.
• Konark Dance Festival: This annual festival, held at the Sun Temple in Konark, is a significant cultural event that showcases Odissi alongside other classical dance forms. It serves as a platform for artists to perform and share their craft, fostering cultural exchange and appreciation for India's rich artistic heritage.
• Odissi International: A global event celebrating Odissi, this festival brings together dancers, scholars, and enthusiasts from various countries to explore the nuances of the dance form. It highlights the global appeal of Odissi and its role in promoting cultural dialogue and understanding. Odissi continues to thrive as a vibrant expression of Odisha's cultural legacy, captivating audiences with its blend of spirituality, artistry, and tradition. Through its intricate postures, expressive gestures, and devotional themes, Odissi remains a testament to the enduring power of Indian classical dance.

Manipuri

Manipuri, a classical dance form, originates from the northeastern Indian state of Manipur. It is celebrated for its gentle and fluid movements, embodying the spiritual and cultural ethos of the region. Manipuri dance is deeply embedded in the religious and cultural practices of Manipur, with a history that is intricately linked to the region's devotion to Lord Krishna and Radha.

Connection to Raasleela

The dance form is profoundly connected to the Raasleela myth, which portrays the divine love story of Lord Krishna and Radha. Raasleela is a significant part of Manipuri tradition, representing the cosmic dance of Krishna with Radha and the gopis (milkmaids). This dance-drama is performed during the Raas Festival, which is celebrated with great devotion in Manipur, typically during the months of October and November.

Devotional Dance

Manipuri is characterized as a devotional dance, focusing on themes of love and spirituality. The dance often depicts scenes from Krishna's life, highlighting his playful and loving interactions with Radha and the gopis. The devotional aspect of Manipuri is evident in its emphasis on Bhakti (devotion) and its role in religious festivals and ceremonies.

Graceful Movements and Costumes

Manipuri is known for its graceful and subtle movements, which are executed with precision and elegance. The dance is performed in a circular pattern, symbolizing the cyclical nature of life and the universe. The costumes are elaborate and vibrant, with female dancers wearing a traditional outfit known as the Potloi, a richly embroidered cylindrical skirt that enhances the fluidity and grace of their movements.

Music and Instruments

The music accompanying Manipuri dance is integral to its performance, featuring traditional instruments such as the Pung (a type of drum) and Kartal (cymbals). The Pung Cholom, a unique drum dance, is often performed as an introduction to Manipuri dance, showcasing the rhythmic and acrobatic prowess of the dancers.

Role in Festivals and Weddings

Manipuri dance plays a vital role in religious festivals and weddings in Manipur. It is an essential part of celebrations such as Janmashtami (Lord Krishna's birthday) and Holi, where it is performed to honor the divine love of Krishna and Radha. The dance is also a significant feature in traditional Manipuri weddings, symbolizing purity, devotion, and the union of souls.

Cultural and Religious Influences

Influence of Shaivism

While Manipuri is predominantly associated with Vaishnavism due to its focus on Krishna and Radha, it also reflects elements of Shaivism. The dance occasionally incorporates themes related to Lord Shiva, emphasizing the spiritual harmony between Shaivism and Vaishnavism in the cultural fabric of Manipur.

Spiritual Values

Manipuri dance embodies spiritual values and ethical principles, promoting a sense of peace, devotion, and unity. The dance serves as a medium for expressing the timeless spiritual truths and moral values embedded in Hindu mythology and culture.

• Maharaja Bhagyachandra: A prominent 18th-century ruler of Manipur, Maharaja Bhagyachandra is credited with formalizing the Raasleela dance tradition. He envisioned the dance as a divine offering to Lord Krishna and established the principles and rituals that continue to guide Manipuri dance performances today.
• Govindajee Temple: Located in Imphal, the capital of Manipur, the Govindajee Temple is a significant cultural and religious center where Manipuri dance is performed during major festivals. The temple is dedicated to Lord Krishna and serves as a focal point for the celebration of Raasleela.
• Raas Festival: Celebrated annually in Manipur, the Raas Festival is a grand event featuring elaborate performances of the Raasleela dance-drama. The festival attracts devotees and tourists from around the world, showcasing the spiritual and cultural richness of Manipuri dance.
• Lai Haraoba: An important cultural festival in Manipur, Lai Haraoba is a celebration of the divine ancestors and showcases various traditional dance forms, including Manipuri. The festival highlights the region's rich heritage and serves as a platform for the preservation and promotion of Manipuri dance and culture.

Mohiniyattam

Mohiniyattam is a classical Indian dance form that originated in the southwestern state of Kerala. It is closely associated with the mythical legend of Mohini, the divine enchantress in Hindu mythology. Mohiniyattam is often described as the dance of the celestial enchantress, embodying elegance, femininity, and grace. The name 'Mohiniyattam' is derived from 'Mohini', meaning enchantress, and 'attam', meaning dance, which together signify the dance of the enchantress.

Mythological Connection

The mythological roots of Mohiniyattam trace back to the stories of Mohini, a female avatar of Lord Vishnu. According to Hindu mythology, Mohini was created to subdue the demon Bhasmasura and is known for her enchanting beauty and mesmerizing dance. This mythological background is reflected in the dance form, which aims to capture the essence of feminine allure and grace.

Characteristics and Elements

Graceful Dance and Elegant Movements

Mohiniyattam is renowned for its graceful dance movements and fluidity. The dance form is characterized by soft, swaying movements and delicate footwork, emphasizing the elegant movements of the dancer. It is slower compared to other classical dance forms, focusing on the subtlety and poise of the dancer rather than vigorous movements.

Depiction of Feminine Grace

The dance form is celebrated for its depiction of feminine grace, capturing the essence of womanhood through its gentle movements and expressions. The dancer's movements are designed to mimic the swaying of a palm tree or the flow of a river, highlighting the natural beauty and elegance inherent in femininity.

Costumes and Makeup

White and Yellow Costumes

A distinctive feature of Mohiniyattam is its traditional white and yellow costumes. The costume typically consists of a white or off-white sari with a gold border, paired with gold jewelry. The simplicity and elegance of the costume reflect the aesthetic values of the dance form, enhancing the dancer's movements without overpowering them.

Vyavahara Mala

The Vyavahara Mala is an essential component of the costume, consisting of a garland worn by the dancer. It symbolizes the purity and devotion inherent in the performance, adding to the visual appeal and spiritual significance of the dance.

Themes and Inspirations

Devotion and Spirituality

Mohiniyattam is deeply rooted in themes of devotion and spirituality, often depicting stories from Hindu mythology that emphasize moral and spiritual values. The dance form is performed with a focus on Bhakti (devotion), expressing the dancer's spiritual connection with the divine through movement and expression.

Musical Accompaniment

The dance is performed to the accompaniment of traditional Carnatic music, which enhances the emotive quality of the performance. Instruments such as the mridangam (a type of drum), edakka (a percussion instrument), and veena (a stringed instrument) are commonly used, providing a rhythmic and melodic backdrop to the dancer's movements.

• Vallathol Narayana Menon: A prominent poet and cultural figure, Vallathol played a significant role in the revival of Mohiniyattam during the 20th century. He founded the Kerala Kalamandalam in 1930, an institution dedicated to the preservation and promotion of traditional art forms, including Mohiniyattam.
• Kalyanikutty Amma: Known as the 'Mother of Mohiniyattam', Kalyanikutty Amma was instrumental in popularizing the dance form both locally and internationally. She dedicated her life to teaching and performing Mohiniyattam, contributing to its development and recognition as a classical dance form.
• Kerala Kalamandalam: Located in the district of Thrissur, Kerala Kalamandalam is a premier institution for the study and practice of Mohiniyattam. It serves as a center for nurturing talent and preserving the rich cultural heritage of Kerala's classical arts.
• Kerala State School Arts Festival: An annual event that showcases various art forms from Kerala, including Mohiniyattam. It provides a platform for young dancers to perform and gain recognition, promoting the continuity and evolution of the dance form.
• International Dance Festivals: Mohiniyattam is featured prominently in international dance festivals, allowing it to reach a global audience and encouraging cross-cultural appreciation for Indian classical dance.

Sattriya

Sattriya is a classical Indian dance form that originates from the northeastern state of Assam. Recognized for its rich cultural and spiritual heritage, Sattriya was established in the 15th century by the revered Vaishnava saint Sankaradeva. This dance form was created as a medium to propagate the teachings of Vaishnavism, specifically the devotion to Lord Krishna, through a blend of music, dance, and drama, known as Krishna Nritya.

Sankaradeva and Religious Roots

Sankaradeva, a prominent figure in the Bhakti movement, played a crucial role in the cultural and spiritual renaissance of Assam. Through Sattriya, he aimed to promote social harmony and spiritual enlightenment, using dance as a powerful tool for religious instruction. The dance was primarily performed in Sattras, which are monastic institutions established by Sankaradeva to spread his teachings. These Sattras served as centers of religious, cultural, and artistic activities, where Sattriya was performed as part of the daily rituals and special festivals.

Evolution and Recognition

From Ritual to Classical Dance

Initially, Sattriya was a ritualistic performance confined to the confines of the Sattras. It was performed by monks, known as Bhokots, who dedicated their lives to the service of the Sattra and its spiritual practices. Over time, the dance form evolved, incorporating intricate footwork, expressive hand gestures, and elaborate storytelling, making it a comprehensive and sophisticated art form. In 2000, Sattriya gained official recognition as one of the eight classical dance forms of India by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, acknowledging its historical significance and artistic excellence. This recognition helped in promoting and preserving the dance form, ensuring its continuity and propagation beyond the Sattras.

Mati Akhara and Krishna Nritya

The technical foundation of Sattriya lies in the Mati Akhara, which comprises a set of basic exercises and movements that form the core of the dance. These exercises focus on building the dancer's strength, flexibility, and precision, enabling them to perform complex choreographies with grace and ease. Krishna Nritya, a central theme in Sattriya, involves the depiction of episodes from the life of Lord Krishna. The dance form uses a variety of Nritya (expressive dance) and Nritta (pure dance) elements to narrate stories from the Bhagavata Purana and other Vaishnava texts, emphasizing themes of devotion, love, and the divine play.

Costumes and Music

Sattriya is characterized by its vibrant costumes and traditional Assamese music. Male dancers typically wear a dhoti and chadar, while female dancers don a traditional Assamese sari known as mekhela chadar, adorned with intricate designs and motifs. The music accompanying Sattriya performances is an integral part of the dance, featuring traditional instruments such as the khol (drum), taal (cymbals), and flute, providing a rhythmic and melodic backdrop to the dance.

• Sankaradeva: As the founder of Sattriya, Sankaradeva's contributions to Assamese culture and spirituality are immense. His vision and teachings continue to inspire practitioners of Sattriya, ensuring its relevance and vitality in contemporary times.
• Madhavdeva: A disciple of Sankaradeva, Madhavdeva played a pivotal role in the development and propagation of Sattriya. He composed numerous plays and songs that form an essential part of the Sattriya repertoire, enriching the dance with his creative and devotional insights.
• Majuli: Known as the cultural heartland of Assam, the river island of Majuli is home to several Sattras that have preserved the tradition of Sattriya for centuries. The island's serene landscape and rich cultural heritage make it a significant center for Sattriya and Vaishnavism.
• Barpeta Sattra: One of the most renowned Sattras in Assam, Barpeta Sattra is a hub of cultural and spiritual activities. It hosts numerous festivals and events that feature Sattriya performances, attracting devotees and tourists alike.
• Raas Mahotsav: Celebrated annually in various Sattras across Assam, the Raas Mahotsav is a grand festival dedicated to Lord Krishna. It features elaborate Sattriya performances, showcasing the dance form's spiritual and artistic depth.
• Sattriya Dance Festival: Organized by cultural institutions and organizations, this festival provides a platform for Sattriya artists to perform and share their art with a wider audience. It plays a crucial role in promoting Sattriya and fostering cultural exchange and appreciation. Sattriya continues to be a vibrant expression of Assam's rich cultural legacy, captivating audiences with its blend of spirituality, artistry, and tradition. Through its intricate postures, expressive gestures, and devotional themes, Sattriya remains a testament to the enduring power of Indian classical dance.

Rasas and Components of Classical Dance

Understanding Rasas in Indian Classical Dance

In the realm of Indian classical dance, rasas are fundamental in conveying the emotional essence of a performance. The concept of rasa, which translates to "flavor" or "essence," is integral to the aesthetic experience in Indian arts. Bharat Muni, in his seminal work, the Natya Shastra, outlines nine rasas, which are the emotional responses that a work of art evokes in its audience.

The Nine Rasas

1. Śṛṅgāra (Love): This rasa is often depicted through romantic themes, celebrating love and beauty. It is characterized by expressions of affection, attraction, and desire.
2. Hāsya (Laughter): Representing humor, this rasa evokes joy and amusement. Dancers often depict playful scenarios to bring out this emotion.
3. Raudra (Anger): Raudra is the depiction of fury and wrath. Performances showcasing this rasa are intense and powerful, often involving dynamic movements.
4. Karuṇa (Compassion): Expressing pathos, this rasa evokes feelings of sympathy and empathy. Dancers use soft, gentle movements to convey sorrow and pity.
5. Bībhatsa (Disgust): This rasa portrays aversion and disgust, often through exaggerated expressions to evoke a sense of repulsion.
6. Bhayānaka (Fear): Bhayānaka is the depiction of terror and anxiety. Performances focus on creating an atmosphere of suspense and dread.
7. Vīra (Courage): This rasa embodies heroism and valor. Dancers depict bravery and strength, often through martial themes.
8. Adbhuta (Wonder): Representing amazement, this rasa evokes curiosity and awe. Performances are characterized by unexpected elements and surprises.
9. Śānta (Peace): The rasa of tranquility and calmness, Śānta aims to evoke a sense of serenity and spiritual peace.

Examples in Classical Dance

• In Bharatanatyam, the depiction of Śṛṅgāra can be seen in the portrayal of Radha's love for Krishna, while Raudra is vividly shown in the fierce dance of Goddess Kali.
• Kathak performances often highlight Hāsya through playful banter between Krishna and the gopis, and Vīra is exemplified in the tales of Mahabharata heroes.

Components of Indian Classical Dance

Indian classical dance is structured around three primary components: Nritta, Natya, and Nritya. These elements, defined in the Natya Shastra and further elaborated in the Abhinaya Darpan by Nandikesvara, form the backbone of any classical dance performance.

Nritta (Pure Dance)

Nritta is the technical aspect of dance, focusing on movement and rhythm without any interpretative meaning. Its primary purpose is to create beauty through intricate footwork, patterns, and poses. For instance, in Bharatanatyam, Nritta is showcased through Alarippu and Jatiswaram, where emphasis is purely on rhythm and form.

Natya (Drama)

Natya refers to the dramatic element of dance, where storytelling takes precedence. It involves the portrayal of characters, dialogues, and narratives, often derived from Indian epics and mythology. Kathakali is renowned for its Natya, where dancers enact stories from the Ramayana and Mahabharata using elaborate facial expressions and gestures.

Nritya (Expressive Dance)

Nritya combines elements of Nritta and Natya, where the dancer uses gestural storytelling and facial expressions (abhinaya) to convey emotions and narratives. This component is central to the dance forms like Odissi and Kuchipudi, where dancers use mudras and facial expressions to depict stories from the Gita Govinda and other devotional texts.

Lasya and Tandava

• Lasya: Associated with the dance of Goddess Parvati, Lasya represents the feminine aspect of dance, characterized by gentle and graceful movements. It is often seen in the lyrical and soft choreography of Mohiniyattam.
• Tandava: In contrast, Tandava is the vigorous and masculine dance of Lord Shiva, symbolizing cosmic creation and destruction. This powerful dance form is often depicted in Bharatanatyam and Kathakali.

Bharat Muni and the Natya Shastra

The ancient sage Bharat Muni is credited with composing the Natya Shastra, a comprehensive treatise on the performing arts that dates back to between 200 BCE and 200 CE. This text serves as the foundational guide for classical dance, detailing the techniques, gestures, and emotional expressions essential to the art form.

Abhinaya Darpan by Nandikesvara

The Abhinaya Darpan is another critical text, authored by the sage Nandikesvara. It expands on the principles of abhinaya (expression) and mudras (hand gestures), providing valuable insights into the expressive aspects of classical dance.

• Natya Shastra Conferences: Scholarly gatherings dedicated to the study and interpretation of the Natya Shastra, where researchers and practitioners explore its applications in contemporary Indian classical dance.
• Dance Festivals: Events such as the Khajuraho Dance Festival and the Konark Dance Festival celebrate the richness of Indian classical dance, providing platforms for showcasing the diverse components and expressions of different dance forms. Through the exploration of rasas and components, Indian classical dance continues to captivate audiences, offering a profound and transformative experience that transcends cultural and temporal boundaries.

Importance and Benefits of Classical Dance

Cultural Significance of Classical Dance

Indian classical dance holds immense cultural significance as it is deeply rooted in the country's rich history and traditions. Each dance form represents a specific region and reflects its cultural nuances, religious beliefs, and artistic expressions. Classical dance serves as a vital medium for preserving and transmitting cultural heritage across generations.

Examples of Cultural Significance

• Bharatanatyam is integral to the cultural tapestry of Tamil Nadu and reflects the state's temple traditions and religious narratives.
• Kathak is a prominent feature of North Indian culture, particularly in Uttar Pradesh, and has been influenced by both Hindu and Mughal traditions.

People and Places

• Rukmini Devi Arundale played a pivotal role in reviving Bharatanatyam, emphasizing its cultural and spiritual aspects.
• The Sangeet Natak Akademi recognizes and promotes the cultural importance of classical dance forms through awards and festivals.

Physical Fitness and Health Benefits

Classical dance is not only an artistic pursuit but also a means of enhancing physical fitness. The rigorous training involved in mastering classical dance techniques helps improve coordination, flexibility, stamina, and overall physical health.

Coordination and Balance

Classical dance requires precise coordination of body movements, which enhances balance and agility. For instance, the intricate footwork in Kathak and the dynamic postures in Odissi demand a high degree of coordination.

Examples of Physical Fitness

• Bharatanatyam dancers develop strong core muscles through sustained postures like Araimandi (half-sitting position).
• Mohiniyattam is known for its fluid movements that improve flexibility and grace.

Dates and Events

• The World Dance Day celebrated on April 29th, highlights the physical benefits of dance, encouraging people worldwide to engage in dance for fitness.

Mental Health and Emotional Well-being

Engaging in classical dance has profound effects on mental health and emotional well-being. It enhances focus, concentration, and creativity, providing a therapeutic outlet for expression and stress relief.

Focus and Concentration

Classical dance involves memorizing complex sequences and synchronizing movements with music, thereby improving mental focus and concentration. This mental discipline is particularly evident in the practice of Sattriya, where dancers must maintain precision in both movement and storytelling.

Creativity and Expression

Classical dance is a form of expression that allows individuals to tap into their creative potential. The expressive elements of Abhinaya in Bharatanatyam and the storytelling in Kathakali foster creativity and emotional release.

Therapy and Healing

Dance therapy incorporates elements of classical dance to promote mental health and healing. The rhythmic movements and expressive gestures help alleviate stress, anxiety, and depression, offering a holistic approach to mental well-being.

People and Events

• The International Dance Therapy Conference showcases the therapeutic applications of dance, highlighting its role in mental health.

Enhancing Creativity and Artistic Expression

Classical dance is a powerful medium for creativity and artistic expression. It allows dancers to explore different facets of human emotions and convey narratives through a combination of movement, music, and drama.

Examples of Artistic Expression

• Manipuri dance's portrayal of the Raasleela myth evokes deep spiritual and emotional responses, showcasing the dance's creative potential.
• Kuchipudi incorporates elements of drama and dialogue, encouraging dancers to express stories with creativity and flair.

Notable Figures

• Birju Maharaj, a maestro of Kathak, is celebrated for his innovative choreography and expressive storytelling.
• Kelucharan Mohapatra is renowned for his contributions to Odissi, enhancing its artistic expression and global recognition.
• Kerala Kalamandalam is a premier institution dedicated to nurturing classical dance forms like Mohiniyattam, fostering creativity and cultural preservation.
• The Madras Music Academy in Chennai is a significant venue for classical dance performances, celebrating artistic excellence.
• The Khajuraho Dance Festival showcases classical dance forms, celebrating their artistic and cultural significance.
• The Konark Dance Festival attracts dancers and enthusiasts from around the world, promoting cultural exchange and appreciation.

Important Figures and Events in Indian Classical Dance

Introduction to Key Personalities and Historical Events

Indian classical dance, with its rich cultural heritage, has been shaped by numerous influential figures and significant events throughout history. These personalities and milestones have played a critical role in the evolution and preservation of various dance forms, ensuring their continuity and growth over time.

Notable Dancers

Rukmini Devi Arundale

Rukmini Devi Arundale was a pioneering figure in the revival of Bharatanatyam. Born in 1904 in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, she was instrumental in transforming Bharatanatyam from its association with temple rituals and devadasis to a respected and widely appreciated art form. She founded the Kalakshetra Foundation in Chennai in 1936, which became a center of excellence for the study and practice of Indian classical dance and music. Her efforts in redefining Bharatanatyam included incorporating traditional aesthetics while making the dance form accessible to a broader audience.

Birju Maharaj

Birju Maharaj, born in 1938, is a legendary Kathak dancer and choreographer from the Lucknow Gharana. He is celebrated for his innovative approach to Kathak, blending traditional elements with contemporary themes. His mastery of abhinaya (expression) and tala (rhythm) has left an indelible mark on the dance form. Birju Maharaj's contributions have earned him numerous accolades, including the Padma Vibhushan, one of India's highest civilian honors.

Kelucharan Mohapatra

Kelucharan Mohapatra, born in 1926 in Raghurajpur, Odisha, was a renowned exponent of Odissi dance. His dedication to the revival and popularization of Odissi has been pivotal in establishing it as a classical dance form. He was instrumental in incorporating elements from temple traditions and folk dances to create a modern Odissi repertoire. Kelucharan Mohapatra received the Padma Vibhushan for his contributions to Indian classical dance.

Other Notable Dancers

• Kumar Gandharva: Known for his contributions to the Hindustani classical music and dance, Kumar Gandharva was a prominent figure in promoting the cultural arts of India.
• Yamini Krishnamurthy: A renowned dancer in both Bharatanatyam and Kuchipudi, she has played a significant role in popularizing these dance forms.

Revivers and Contributors

E. Krishna Iyer

E. Krishna Iyer was a prominent figure in the revival of Bharatanatyam during the early 20th century. A lawyer by profession, he was passionate about preserving and promoting Indian classical dance. His efforts, alongside Rukmini Devi Arundale, helped in elevating Bharatanatyam's status and removing the social stigma attached to it. Iyer's advocacy for the arts extended to his role in establishing the Madras Music Academy, which became a vital platform for classical dancers and musicians.

Historical Events and Milestones

Establishment of Sangeet Natak Akademi

The Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's national academy for music, dance, and drama, was established in 1952. It plays a crucial role in promoting and preserving Indian classical dance forms. The Akademi recognizes excellence in the performing arts through awards, scholarships, and festivals, contributing significantly to the growth and global recognition of Indian classical dance.

Important Events and Festivals

• Khajuraho Dance Festival: Held annually in the historic town of Khajuraho, this festival showcases various Indian classical dance forms, including Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Odissi, and others. It serves as a platform for dancers to perform in front of a global audience, promoting cultural exchange and appreciation.
• Konark Dance Festival: Celebrated in Odisha, this festival brings together dancers from different classical traditions to perform at the Sun Temple in Konark. It highlights the rich cultural heritage of India and fosters a sense of unity and diversity among artists and audiences.

Important Dates

• 1936: The founding of the Kalakshetra Foundation by Rukmini Devi Arundale marked a turning point for Bharatanatyam, promoting its study and practice worldwide.
• 1952: The establishment of the Sangeet Natak Akademi provided a formal structure for the recognition and promotion of Indian classical dance and music.
• 2000: Sattriya, a classical dance form from Assam, received official recognition as a classical dance form by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, highlighting its historical and cultural significance.

Places of Significance

Kalakshetra Foundation, Chennai

Founded by Rukmini Devi Arundale, the Kalakshetra Foundation is an internationally renowned institution for the study of Indian classical dance and music. It continues to be a leading center for nurturing artistic talent and preserving traditional art forms.

Kerala Kalamandalam, Thrissur

Established in 1930, the Kerala Kalamandalam is a premier institution for the study of traditional art forms, including Kathakali and Mohiniyattam. It plays a vital role in promoting and preserving Kerala's rich cultural heritage.

Majuli, Assam

Majuli, a river island in Assam, is home to several Sattras (Vaishnavite monasteries) that have preserved the tradition of Sattriya dance for centuries. It is a significant cultural center for the practice and promotion of this classical dance form.